Modernization of the Ottoman Empire and Egypt
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Explain how the Ottoman Empire and Egypt tried to modernize themselves and point to the most important results.
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This posting addresses the modernization of the Ottoman Empire and Egypt during the nineteenth century, and the key effects of both processes for modern Turkey and Egypt.
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You have asked for a summary of the process of modernization of the Ottoman Empire and Turkey during the early modern period. The following is designed to give an overview of both, as well as the most important results of modernization.
Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire represents the last of a series of Islamic caliphate empires (following such caliphates as the Umayyads, Abbasids, Mamluks, and Mughals). The Ottoman Empire began in the late thirteenth century when Turkic people from Central Asia moved to what had been Greek Anatolia in the context of the late Crusades. They converted to Sunni Islam, and eventually established the Ottoman Empire over the societies that had previously existed in Anatolia. The year that the Turks captured the Greek Byzantine capital of Constantinople (1453) is often considered date at which the establishment of the Ottoman Empire was completed.
The Ottoman Empire expanded to control all of Anatolia, the Eastern Orthodox Balkans from Greece to the borders of Vienna, the Black Sea and Crimean peninsula, the Caucasus, and the Arab Middle East and Northeast Africa. Through the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the Ottoman Empire exercised expanding military and political power in these regions, often threatening the Austro-German Holy Roman Empire, Russia, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, and Persia. However, the eighteenth century saw a steady decline of Ottoman power and prestige. This began with the Treaty of Karlowitz (1699), in which Turkey surrendered Hungary and Transylvania back to the Holy Roman Empire, and continued through to major territorial losses in the nineteenth century beginning with Greece (1830) and eventually the rest of ...
Education
- BMus, Dalhousie University
- MA, University of Toronto
- BEd, Wilfrid Laurier University
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