Phylogenetic Trees

Using the phylogenetic tree in the attached document as a guide, discuss why bacteriophodopsin was likely a late evolutionary invention.

DNA Replication and Bacterial Infections

Ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, and acyclovir are used to treat microbial infections. Ciprofloxacin inhibits DNA gyrase. Erythromycin binds in front of the A site on the 50S subunit of a ribosome. Acyclovir is a guanine analog. What steps in protein synthesis are inhibited by each drug? Which drug is more effective against ba ...continues

How could a viral vector be used to construct a vaccine for AIDS?

Design an experiment using the vaccinia virus to make a vaccine against AIDS virus (HIV)

What are the causes of influenza virus epidemic and pandemics?

Influenza virus causes both epidemics every few years, and pandemics every few decades. This section describes how the changes in the virus are responsible for generating epidemics and pandemics.

Koch's Postulates and Molecular Genetics

I understand that Koch's postulates have limitations, but I don't understand how that plays a role in molecular genetics. Here is my question. Given the limitations of Koch's postulates, what role do you see for molecular genetics and associated techniques in addressing the exceptions to the postulates?

Determine why a virus wouldn't infect host cell without protein

A researcher, studying two different viruses (A and B) that infect the same cell type, digests away all the protein and transfers the nucleic acid directly into the host cell. Only virus B causes the infection. This suggests: a) Virus A is likely to be a naked virus b) Virus A is likely to be an enveloped virus c) Virus A i ...continues

Problem: You want to clone a cDNA into an expression vector so you can make large amounts of the protein in E. coli. The cDNA is flanked by BamHI sites and you plan to insert it at the BamHI site in the vector. The manual recommends that you cleave the vector DNA and then treat it with alkaline phosphatase to remove the 5’ phosphates. The next step is to mix the treated vector with the BamHI-cut cDNA fragment and incubate with DNA ligase. After ligation the DNA is mixed with bacterial cells that have been treated to make them competent to take up DNA. Finally, the mixture is spread unto culture dishes with a solid growth medium that contains an antibiotic that kills all cells that have not taken up the vector. The vector allows cells to survive because it carries a gene for resistance to the antibiotic. The cloning manual also suggests four controls: Control 1: plate bacterial cells that have not been exposed to any vector onto the culture dishes. Control 2: Plate cells that have been transformed with the vector that has not been cut. Control 3: Plate cells that have been transformed with vector that has been cut (but not treated with alkaline phosphatase) and then incubated with DNA ligase (in the absence of the cDNA fragment). Control 4: Plate cells that have been transformed with vector that has been cut and treated with alkaline phophatase and then incubated with DNA ligase in the absence of the cDNA fragment).

This experiment is discussed: You want to clone a cDNA into an expression vector so you can make large amounts of the protein in E. coli. The cDNA is flanked by BamHI sites and you plan to insert it at the BamHI site in the vector. The manual recommends that you cleave the vector DNA and then treat it with alkaline phosph ...continues

Finding the virus that causes the sickness described

What disease causes a large, enveloped polyhedral virus with a double-stranded DNA, symptoms include abdominal pain, fatique and low-grade? Patient has HIV and lung infiltrates.

Biology Experiment

I need help in choosing something for this project, creating the hypothesis and the proposal. Choose a substrate (material for microbial growth) and determine how many samples of this material you will need. Keep in mind that some materials smell REALLY BAD when they decay. Choose something you can stand for 5 weeks. Creat ...continues

Reactions and Fractures

Hello I am having a few issues figuring out this. Please assist. 1.) Hello can someone help me figure out what type of reaction A is? (See attachment.) 2.) In addition, what does reaction B tell you about the type of molecule H2CO3 is? 3.) Lastly, In 1864, Lister observed that patients recovered completely from simple ...continues