Animals are placed in taxonomic classifications based on differences and similarities of their traits.

Unit 5 Individual Project

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Image Rights: Allen G.

Image Rights: Courtesy of University of Minnesota FORMTEXT
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© 2006-2007 Career Education Corporation University Group

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Category Couplet Target
1. a. Irregular-shaped body; structure
with many pores Porifera
b. Regular-shaped body (with right and
left halves or a cylindrical shape 2
2. a. Radial symmetry (disk-shaped or
barrel-shaped) 4
b. Bilateral symmetry (similar right and
left body halves) 3
3. a. Animal has internal skeleton 19
b. Animal has external skeleton or no
apparent skeleton 6
4. a. Body hard, arms extend from a
central disk, or spines present 18
b. Soft body; little or no color 5
5. a. Saucer-shaped transparent body with
small tentacles Class Scyphozoa
b. Barrel-shaped body, tentacles at one
end Class Anthozoa
6. a. Hard outer covering
10
b. No hard outer covering 7
7. a Body flattened 8
b Body not flattened 9
8. a. Free living, smooth, nonsegmented
body Class Turbelaria
b. Parasitic, apparently segmented,
flattened body Class Cestoda
9. a Nonsegmented 11
b Segemented body Phylum Annelida
10. a. Body has jointed legs 14
b. Body inside shell is soft, has no
jointed legs 13
11. a. Tentacles or other appendages
present 12
b. Body long and tubular, no
appendages Phylum Nematoda
12. a. Appears as a snail without a shell Class Gastropoda
b. Tentacles and eyes present Class Cephalopoda
13. a Bivalved shell (two halves) Class Bivalvia


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b Univalved shell (single unit) Class Gastropoda
14. a. Jointed appendages on most body
sections 15
b. Jointed appendages on certain body
segments; not all appendages are legs 16
15. a. One pair of legs per body segment Class Chilopoda
b. Two pairs of legs per body segment Class Diplopoda
16. a. Two pairs of antennae, large claws
often present Class Crustacea
b. One pair of antennae or none, no
large claws 17
17. a. Four pairs of legs, no antennae or
wings Class Arachnida
b. Three pairs of legs, wings present Class Insecta
18. a. Arms present, body surface knobby Class Asteroidea
b. Many-spined animal, resembles a
pincushion Class Echinoidea
19. a. Fishlike, flattened body, appendages
finlike not jointed 20
b. Not fishlike, body not flattened,
appendages jointed or absent 21
20. a. Scales on body to not overlap, Class
skeleton of cartilage Chondrichthyes
b. Scales on body overlap, skeleton bony Class Osteichthyes
21. a. Body covered by scales, zero or four
legs Class Reptilia
b. Body not covered by scales 22
22. a. Claws absent Class Amphibia
b. Claws or nails present on toes, skin
covered with feathers or hair 23
23. a Feathered, claws present Class Aves
b Hair present Class Mammals




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HOW TO USE A DICHOTOMOUS KEY

Dichotomous means 'divided or cut into two parts'. A dichotomous key is a tool used by
scientists to classify organisms into categories. The key is made up of a series of
categories, and within each category are two opposing statements called couplets.

To use the key, you always start at the first category (look for a '1' in the first column).
Read the two statements ( labeled 'a' and 'b' in the second column) and consider them
carefully. If you do not know the meaning of a word, as some of these terms are
technical, look it up (www.dictionary.com is a great site).

Now, look at your organism. Choose the statement (a or b) that best fits your organism.
All parts of the statement must be true. (Here's an example: If your organism has an
irregular shape, it must also have pores.) At the end of the statement you will come to a
word or a number.

If you come to a word or phrase you have found the phylum, class or genus that
your organism belongs to, and you are finished identifying the organism!

If the true statement has a number at the end, go to that category (skip all the
others) and read the couplet (a and b statements) you find there.

Again, you would choose the statement that best describes a characteristic of your
organism, and follow the number to the next couplet. Continue until you come to the
classification of your organism.

Here's an example: Lobster

Category 1:

a) Irregular-shaped body; structure with many pores -- Phylum Porifera

b) Regular-shaped body (with right and left halves or a cylindrical shape) -- 2

The funny thing about scientists is that they have a language all their own. So an
'irregular shape' really means something with no clear, recognizable shape. A blob is a
good example. A 'regular shape' on the other hand, means anything with a recognizable
shape. It could be round or square, or shaped like something you've seen often; a star or
a fish or a dog, for example. The lobster has a regular shape (it looks like a lobster,
crayfish, or insect) and it has right and left sides, so choose statement b and go to
Category 2.

Here are the statements for Category 2:
a) Radial symmetry (disk-shaped or barrel-shaped) -- 4
b) Bilateral symmetry (similar right and left body halves) -- 3
You may want to look up the terms radial and bilateral. Radial means having rays like the
sun or a daisy. Bilateral means having two sides. The lobster is not shaped like a star
or disk, it is bilaterally symmetric, so go to Category 3.
a) Animal has internal skeleton -- 19
b) Animal has external skeleton or no apparent skeleton -- 6
The lobster has an external skeleton -- its shell. If you are not sure about a
characteristic of the organism, you could use www.google.com to help you determine if
a statement is true or false. For example, you could look up the key words 'lobster' and
'skeleton'. You will find sites that describe the lobster's exoskeleton. Go to Category 6:
a) Hard outer covering -- 6
b) No hard outer covering -- 7
A lobster's shell is hard, go to Category 10.
a) Body has jointed legs -- 14
b) Body inside shell is soft, has no jointed legs -- 13
Even though the body inside the shell is soft (and delicious), the lobsters legs are jointed
so the second part of statement b is false. Since the legs are jointed you would choose a,
and go to Category 14.
a) Jointed appendages on most body sections -- 15
b) Jointed appendages on certain body segments; not all appendages are legs --
16
Even though it looks like there jointed appendages on most of the sections of the lobster,
it also has antennae and claws, so not all the appendages are legs, choose statement b,
and go to Category 16
a) Two pairs of antennae, large claws often present -- Class Crustacea.
b) One pair of antennae or none, no large claws -- 17.
The lobster has large claws -- Class Crustacea!

Present your work in this format: List the name or organism number, then each of
the numbers for each step of the key, then the class or phylum of the organism.

The key for a lobster is:

1b, 2b, 3b, 6a, 10a, 14b, 16a, Class Crustacea.

This way you demonstrate that you used the key, and you can get partial credit even if
you ended up at the wrong answer.